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Find the slope between two points. Vertical lines have undefined slope and cannot be represented by this numeric result.
Find the point halfway along a straight segment in a two-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system.
Calculate straight-line Euclidean distance in a plane. Coordinates must use the same scale; this is not road or geographic distance.
Find the hypotenuse of a right triangle from its perpendicular legs. Both legs must use the same length unit.
Convert angular degrees to radians without wrapping the angle. A full turn is 360 degrees or 2π radians.
Calculate sine, cosine and tangent of an angle in degrees. Tangent is undefined at odd multiples of 90 degrees.
Convert a nonnegative safe integer into its binary representation. Fractional values and integers above JavaScript safe precision are excluded.
Convert a nonnegative integer to hexadecimal digits 0–9 and A–F. This does not interpret signed machine-word formats.
Find area, perimeter and diagonal of a square. Enter the side in one consistent unit; area uses its square.
Find the area, perimeter and diagonal of a rectangle using perpendicular length and width in the same unit.
Calculate circle area, circumference and diameter from the radius. Do not enter the diameter in the radius field.
Use a triangle base and its perpendicular height. A sloping side is not generally the height.
Find triangle area from three sides. Each pair of sides must sum to more than the remaining side.
Find area, height and perimeter when all three sides have equal length and every angle is 60 degrees.
Find the height and area from an equal side and base. The base must be shorter than twice the equal side.
Calculate area from two parallel bases and the perpendicular distance between them. Sloping side lengths are unnecessary.
Multiply the base by the perpendicular height. The slanted side can differ from the height.
Calculate area and perimeter from the perpendicular diagonals of a rhombus, whose four sides have equal length.
Find ellipse area using its two semiaxes. Each semiaxis is half of the full width in that direction.
Find area and perimeter of a convex regular polygon. All sides and all interior angles must be equal.
Find the interior-angle sum of a simple polygon and each angle if it is regular. Self-intersecting polygons are excluded.
Find the area of a circular sector and its arc length. The central angle is entered in degrees from 0 to 360.
Find the area between two concentric circles. The inner radius cannot exceed the outer radius.
Calculate the straight chord joining two points on a circle. The smaller central angle ranges from 0 to 180 degrees.
Find volume, total surface area and space diagonal of a cube from its edge length.
Calculate volume and surface area of a rectangular box from three perpendicular dimensions in the same unit.
Calculate the volume and closed surface area of a right circular cylinder, including both circular ends.
Find volume and total surface area of a right circular cone. Use vertical height, not slant height.
Calculate volume and surface area of a sphere from its radius. Area and volume have squared and cubed units respectively.
Find volume and closed surface area of half a sphere. The surface includes the flat circular base.
Find pyramid volume from base area and perpendicular height. The same relation applies to any planar polygonal base.
Find the volume of a cone cut parallel to its base. The smaller radius cannot exceed the larger radius.
Calculate ellipsoid volume using three semiaxes. Enter half-dimensions, not full diameters.
Find volume and surface area of a ring torus. The major radius measures from the centre of the hole to the centre of the tube.
Multiply triangular cross-section area by prism length. Triangle height must be perpendicular to its base.
Convert a drawing length to actual length at scale 1:n. The output uses the same length unit as the input.
Sort observations and find the middle value. With an even count, the median is the mean of the two central values.
Find every value tied for highest frequency. If all values occur once, the result lists that tie rather than implying one unique mode.
Measure the spread between the largest and smallest observation. The range is sensitive to outliers.
Calculate variance when the list is the entire population of interest. The squared deviations are divided by N, not N−1.
Estimate spread from at least two sample observations using the n−1 denominator. The result has the same units as the inputs.
Measure the standard deviation of a complete population. Use the sample tool when estimating a larger population from a sample.
Find Q1, median, Q3 and interquartile range using inclusive linear interpolation. Other software may use a different quartile convention.
Find a percentile with inclusive linear interpolation between sorted observations. Percentiles 0 and 100 return the minimum and maximum.
Combine values using nonnegative weights. Lists must have equal length and at least one weight must be positive.
Combine strictly positive multiplicative quantities through their geometric mean. Zero and negative values are excluded.
Average positive rates with equal numerators, such as speeds over equal distances. This differs from averaging speeds over equal times.
Find the root mean square of observations by squaring, averaging and taking the square root. Negative signs disappear when squared.
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